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Agriculture and Forestry CSS Capsule

FPSC SYLLABUS 2016-17
AGRICULTURE & FORESTRY (100 MARKS)

PART-I: AGRICULTURE (50 MARKS)

1. Concept Of Integrated Agriculture: Components of Natural Resources As Bases For
   Agriculture Production (Land, Water, Biological, Environmental, Solar, Energy)
2. Challenges in Pakistan’s Agriculture: Present Scenario and Future Prospects.
   Analytical Overview: Issues and Strategies for Improvement of Crop Management,
   Livestock Management, Fisheries, Cottage Industry, Resource Management and Rural
   Development. Institutions and Policies: Issues and Options.
3. Elements of Climate and Their Relationship with Crop Growth: Farming Systems,
   Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Soil Profile, Structure and Texture, Soil Fertility, Soil
   Erosion And Conservation, Water Logging and Salinity
4. Genetic Improvement for Crop Production: GMO Crops, Seed Production
   Technology.
5. Horticulture: Floriculture, Landscaping, Pests and Diseases of Agriculture Crops and
   Their Control, Integrated Pest Management.
6. Rainfed and Irrigated Agriculture: Agriculture Mechanization, Land Tenure and Land
   Reforms, Role of Agriculture in National Economy.
   

PART-II: FORESTRY (50 MARKS)

1. Forest, Rangelands and Wildlife Importance and Significance
2. Forest Management and Utilization, Wood Based Industries in Pakistan, Silvi-Culture
3. Range Management and Utilization
4. National and International Forest Wealth Statistics
5. Role Of Wildlife as Value Addition to Forestry
6. Forest Based Wildlife Resources of Pakistan and Their Management, Eco-Tourism
7. Forestry, Argo-forestry, Social Forestry and Forest Biometrics
8. Socio-Economic And Ecological Impact of Man-Made Forests
9. Watershed Management and Role of Forests in Prevailing Climate Change Dilemma
10. National Forest Laws and Policies at National Level, Biodiversity & Environment

C O N T E N T S

AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN- AN OVERVIEW

PART 1

CHAPTER 2: CHALLENGES IN AGRICULTURE OF PAKISTAN
CHAPTER 4: GENETIC IMPROVEMENT FOR CROP PRODUCTION
CHAPTER 6: RAINFED AND IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

PART 2

CHAPTER 2: FOREST MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION
CHAPTER 7 & 8: TYPES OF FORESTRY
CHAPTER 10: NATIONAL FOREST POLICY

AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN- AN OVERVIEW

The foremost objective of Agriculture sector in Pakistan is to ensure adequate production and
availability of food for the population. It is the main source of livelihood for the rural population and
It also ensures food availability to rural and urban inhabitants. It is a key sector of the economy as it
provides raw materials to the main industrial units of the country and also has a major contribution in
export earnings of the country. The attainment of sustainable growth in the agriculture sector fulfils
macroeconomic objectives through its forward and backward linkages with the other sectors.

BACKGROUND
Pakistan has a rich and vast natural resource base, covering various ecological and climatic zones;
Hence the country has great potential for producing all types of food commodities. Agriculture has
an important, direct and indirect, role in generating economic growth. This sector is truly the
backbone of Pakistan’s economy. It is a considered opinion of experts that Pakistan has a huge
untapped potential for grabbing a significant share of the world agro-food exports.

IMPORTANCE
The foremost objective of Agriculture sector in Pakistan is to ensure adequate production and
availability of food for the population. It is the main source of livelihood for the rural population and it also ensures food availability to rural and urban inhabitants. It is a key sector of the economy as it
provides raw materials to the main industrial units of the country and also has a major contribution in
export earnings of the country. The attainment of sustainable growth in the agriculture sector fulfils
macroeconomic objectives through its forward and backward linkages with the other sectors.
The agriculture sector accounts for 21.0 percent of GDP and absorbs 43.7 percent of the labor force.
The potential role for agriculture in development is to reduce poverty and drive growth for
countries whose economies are agriculture-based. Growing population size requires agriculture
growth compatible to meet required level of food. The potential role for agriculture in development
is to reduce poverty and drive growth.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE ECONOMY
Agriculture is an important sector, providing food to the fast-growing population of the country.
According the 1998 census, the total population of Pakistan is 130 million.

1. With a population growth rate of 2.6 percent there is a net addition of 3.4 million people each
   year. In 1947 the population of Pakistan was 32.5 million; in 50 years it has increased fourfold.
   
2. During this period the production of wheat, the major food crop, has increased only 2.9-fold.
   
3. During 1970/71 the amount of wheat imported was 0.3 million tons;
   
4. It has increased to 4.1 million tones in 1997. Tremendous efforts have been carried out to
   narrow the gap between population growth and food production.

Agriculture contributes about

1. 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and employs 47 percent of the national employed labor force. The contribution of the agricultural sector to the GDP has declined gradually since Pakistan came into existence, from over 50 percent in 1949-50 to about 24 percent in 1996-97.
2. Agriculture still remains the major sector of the GDP composition. A major part of the economy depends on farming through production, processing and distribution of major agricultural commodities.
3. In foreign trade agriculture again dominates, through exports of raw products such as rice and cotton and semi-processed and processed products such as cotton yarn, cloth, carpets and leather production. Agriculture is essential for sustainable improvements internally and external balances. Of the total export earnings, the share of primary commodities and processed and semi-processed products constituted almost 60 percent of the total exports. There have been some structural changes over time, but the contribution of agro-based products has more or less sustained their position.
   

More specifically; the agricultural sector plays an important part in Pakistan’s economy by:

1. Contributing 24 percent towards GDP.
2. Providing food to about 130 million people.
3. Earning about 60 percent of the country’s total export earnings.
4. Providing employment to 47 percent of the total work force.

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